According to Aristotle, Heraclitus claims that “the same...

According to Aristotle, Heraclitus claims that â€Å"the same thing both is and is not,† and this would imply that contraries belong to the same subject simultaneously. Heraclitus denies our ability to establish truth, and questions the reliability of knowledge: for Aristotle; serious philosophical consideration must be given to such skepticism, because the logical conclusion of this position has undesirable effects on metaphysical discussion. First philosophy (or metaphysics) investigates the system of principles underlying the study of being (viz. beings as being), and the philosopher should be able to state the principle that permits the education of all things. According to Aristotle, the principle of demonstration must first be examined,†¦show more content†¦In any event, the act of showing someone that something is (or is not) reduces the argument to the basic source for any demonstration, that is, any proof is reduced to the ultimate position (i.e. the initial cause for demonstration). In essence, the principle cannot be demonstrated by virtue of deduction; if it could be deduced from another axiom, then it would not be the first principle. Moreover, if the principle could be demonstrated, then â€Å"all things† would be subject to demonstration, as Heraclitus seems to believe. However, to demand demonstration (in the strict sense) would beg the question, because it would lead to an infinite regress and there would still be no demonstration. If the same thing both is and is not, then, for instance, a being can both exist and not exist simultaneously, and the same thing can both be true and not be true simultaneously. To say that the same thing both is and is not is to deny the first principle, and to refuse to be consistent (or follow any logical truth). According to Aristotle, Heraclitus’ way of thinking is marked by circular reasoning inasmuch as any rational being implicitly recognize the principle as self-evident, and toShow MoreRelatedWhat Is Metaphysics? The Universal Definition Of Metaphysics1140 Words   |  5 PagesGarrett Recto 11-19-2015 PHL 204 FINAL PAPER WHAT IS METAPHYSICS? What is Metaphysics? The universal definition of metaphysics in philosophy is the aspect that deals with the first principle of things, which include abstract concepts of the being, knowing, cause, identity, time and space. Basically, metaphysics encounters the basic questions in such possible terms; what is there and what is it like? As individuals, we attempt to grasp or comprehend the theories and meaning of every aspect toRead More Metaphysics Essay705 Words   |  3 PagesMetaphysics Metaphysics can be defined as an attempt to comprehend the basic characteristics of reality. It is in fact so basic that it is all inclusive, whether something is observable or not. It answers questions of what things must be like in order to exist and how to differentiate from things that seem real but are not. A common thought is that reality is defined as what we can detect from our five senses. This type of philosophy is called empiricism, which is the idea that all knowledgeRead MoreMetaphysics Is The Study Of Reality Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesMeta refers to the Meaning of after or beyond. Metaphysics is the study of reality. 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Also, the factor, background, and view of Muhammad IqbalRead MoreMorality, Metaphysics, And Religion1480 Words   |  6 PagesTHE PARTICULAR AND THE UNIVERSAL IN MORALITY, METAPHYSICS, AND RELIGION In his second speech to the literary salon of Henrietta Herz, Friedrich Schleiermacher dismantles the perception of religion as a blending together of morality and metaphysics. He argues that such a hybrid can never truly function as religion and that to attack such a false construct is to fight against a shadow, rather than to engage the true subject (21). Morality, metaphysics, and religion all address the same subject matter—theRead MoreQuestions On The Philosophy Of Metaphysics1372 Words   |  6 PagesEdina Pepic Metaphysics 04-04-15 Midterm 1. What is the project of metaphysics? How did the early Greek Philosophers develop the issue? What were their enduring contributions, the diversity of their responses and the abiding issues that will engage the subsequent tradition? The project of Metaphysics is the study of existence; Metaphysics purpose is to answer, â€Å"What is reality.† Metaphysics reviews everything in the world that exists, although Metaphysics is a small part of Philosophy itRead MoreThe Metaphysic Of Abstract Particulars1998 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction: In this paper I will present the arguments for tropes and their distinction from universals and particulars as presented by Keith Campbell in his paper â€Å"The Metaphysic of Abstract Particulars.† I will then present a counter argument to Campbell’s evaluation and provide possible responses to those arguments. I will also provide possible adjustments Campbell could make to create a more sound argument. Campbell’s Argument: Since Plato, two mutually exclusive yet essential categoriesRead MoreDiscourse on Metaphysics by Leibniz Essays612 Words   |  3 PagesDiscourse on Metaphysics by Leibniz In the Discourse on Metaphysics by Leibniz he suggest that, we maintain that everything that is to happen to some person is already contained virtually in his nature or notion, as properties of a circle are contained in its definition. This assertion raised a difficulty for Leibniz. This difficulty was that human freedom will no longer hold, and that an absolute fatality would rule over all our actions as well as over all the rest of what happens in theRead MorePlato s System Of Metaphysics1049 Words   |  5 PagesAdrian Farrales Introduction to Philosophy Metaphysics 11/6/14 Plato’s system of metaphysics revolves around the concept of Eidos, or forms. A form is the perfect and truest instance of a particular idea. In the world, we find particular instances of each form. For example, a certain pen is a particular instance of the form of pen. Every single pen in the world contributes to the form of pen. This contribution of particulars to the forms is called mathexis in Greek, or simplyRead More Immanuel Kant’s Metaphysics Essay3676 Words   |  15 PagesImmanuel Kant’s Metaphysics THEME In regard to Metaphysics, Kant’s results were seemingly the opposite to what he strove to achieve, cf. the claim, in his Introduction, that â€Å"In this enquiry . . . I venture to assert that there is not a single metaphysical problem which has not been solved, or for the solution of which the key has not been supplied.† In the summing up of his Prolegomena, he records with evident pride in achievement: â€Å"Anyone who has read through and grasped the principles

The Importance of Good Extended Essay Topics

The Importance of Good Extended Essay Topics With the aid of such template, you can generate a prosperous paper on any political, religious or some other leader. The point is to have fun with the many areas of the essay until you place them in the very best order. You might think that it's only the cover of your essay, but it's an important component, and you need to treat it correctly. An elongated essay is a sort of academic writing assignment, which success is dependent upon the structure. There is an extensive array of definition essay ideas a student could utilize to compose an essay about. A great research question is crucial to a great Extended Essay. The technique needed to compose an impressive history essay can fluctuate from 1 topic to another. The very best method is to check through some amazing extended essay examples. Therefore, nobody can determine that you buy a history essay sample from us. There are various reasons for which you could be asked to compose a long essay. Because the protracted essay contains far more words than a typical essay, the option of topic has to be such a good argument can be developed and resolved. Definition essay can help to discover another meaning for things from earlier times thus we could make our future better. Then you're able to compare the word with different terms that are very similar to your topic. The definition has to be thorough and long. It's important to always provide a conventional definition of your subject in at the start of the definition essay, even if your definitions vary from the customary meaning. Good Extended Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone You can subsequently make a great argument by comparing the merits and pitfalls of both methods. Inside my opinion, an essay with a superior variety of primary data that is checked agains t other secondary research is an excellent strategy. Besides picking a topic, doing research and figuring out the major question, the structure you pick would greatly determine your degree of succeeding. In any case, adequate research and knowing of the material also play a critical role in writing a great essay. Break down the content into many subtopics to make it simpler for the target audience to adhere to the logical stream of thoughts. The data about the real personalities from their nation are available, and it may really contribute to your paper with respect to credibility and research value. You don't need to acquire super technical with legal argumentative essays, but remember to do your homework on what the recent laws about your preferred topic actually say. Writing a protracted essay can be really demanding, and picking a topic that doesn't align with your interests will certainly intensify the strain that accompanies the practice. Therefore, if there's any reason why you cannot have your extended essay written on time yourself, all you have to do is place your order on our site, and leave the rest to us! There's no need in making a determination, which health problem or phenomena is more urgent at this time or what's left in the shadows and should be enlightened at least in your essay. Your audience can tell by considering the paper whether you were interested in the topic or not If you're having a tough time deciding on the best topic for your essay, then you should think about the next ideas. Pay close attention to all things electronic, and you will be certain to find something debatable of what you see. You won't be able to crank out a 4,000-word essay in a week and receive an A. Reading all reviews is a great place to get started. Opt for a teacher who will choose the opportunity to read several drafts and provide you extensive notes. Say, as an example, you're a high school student, and you should compose a 3-page essay. The Key to Successful Good Extended Essay Topics Find out whether there are competitions or scholarship opportunities in which you are able to put in your essay. Defining a superb partner means you will have to choose what qualities someone must have in order to be suitable for you. By contrast, superior marks give rise to the total score, which might impact a student's college application success. So, both students of medical care programs together with students of any other specialty may have a task to compose an essay on health topic. Good Extended Essay Topics Can Be Fun for Everyone Although good structuring is critical, you ought not concentrate on structuring your ideas at the beginning of your writing. So should you need help with any writing task, don't hesitate to get in touch with our expert services. You might find that lots of the topics can be adapted to suit almost any sort of writing assignment. After you have researched your subject, you should shell out a great deal of time structuring and organizing your essay. Except for selecting a topic, researching, and pinning down the major question, it's vital to choose the structure as a lengthy essay must be long. If you are in possession of a totally free subject, you have to identify the region of your principal interest. Unl ess there's depth in the topic, you will not be able to make a well-rounded argument about the advantages and disadvantages of your topic. Opt for a carefully focused topic where you're able to use two different practical tactics to address it. You may not be in a position to come up with such a topic by yourself. A great history essay topic is a great deal more important than you could think. Talking over your favorite topic with your supervisor should hopefully avoid choosing a poor topic.

Informative Speech About Identity Theft Essay Example For Students

Informative Speech About Identity Theft Essay Professor Daniel ShearsSPC 1024November 6th 2014General Purpose: to present an informative speech.Specific Purpose: to present an informative speech about identity theft.Introduction:1. Attention Getter: 7% of people 16 years or older were victims of identity theft in the year 2012 approximately 16.6 million people. (BJS) II. Motivation for Listening: Identity theft is becoming a major problem for consumers. Frank Abagnale now an American Security Consultant who has had a novel and a movie made after him after he had stolen the identities of an airline pilot, doctor, lawyer, and a US Bureau of Prison agent. He said that the police cannot protect consumers, people need to be more aware and educated about identity theft, you need to be a little wiser, smarter and yes skeptical at times, if you make it easy for someone to steal from you, someone will (Frank Abagnale). In 1998 Congress passed the Identity Theft and Assumption Deterrence Act to address the increasing problem of identity theft, which makes it a federal crime to â€Å"Knowingly transfer or use, without lawful authority a means of identification of another person with the intent to commit, or aid or abet, any unlawful activity that constitutes a violation of federal law, or that constitutes a felony under any applicable state or local law† (FBI.gov). In a survey that was conducted by me at work out of 30 coworkers 18 were the victims of some form of identity theft.III. Thesis Statement: Identity Theft is rapidly becoming a national issue because anyone of us could be a victim of identity theft. How we protect our self, keep our information private, identify any signs of identity theft, and report and repair our credit is up to each one of us. We have to be vig. . d cases (DOJ). As consumers we have to be aware of how we manage our personal information, be cautious about whom we share our information with, and once your identity has been compromised taking the necessary steps to stop and repair whatever damage has been done.II. Throwback to Attention Getter: in the year 2012 7% of people 16 or older were the victim of identity theft, with the advancement of online medical record, banking, shopping the average consumer has to take charge of protecting their identity.Work CitedHarris, K. (2013, October). Medical Identity Theft Recommendations for the Age of Electronic Medical Records.http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetailiid=4821http://www.fbi. gov/about-us/investigate/cyber/identity_theft/identity-theft-overviewhttp://wwhttp://www.justice.gov/criminal/fraud/websites/idtheftHttp: http://www.lifelock.com

Partisan Demagoguery

The difference between socialism and active state liberalism Socialism is viewed as a complicated system since it entails diverse implications, as far as freedom is concerned. Socialists believe that, the idea of individual freedom is not appropriate because it overlooks many fundamental aspects. Since proponents advocate for freedom that jointly affects the entire community, other factions in the debate may believe that socialists are opposed to freedom.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Partisan Demagoguery specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For instance, liberals believe in individual freedom and, thus, a socialist approach would sound faulty. Socialists assert that the agent, who is also the worker or producer, should not be issued with freedom in isolation. This implies that an individual should not achieve freedom and its relative benefits through the hard work of another person (Ball Dagger, 2009). They should all benefit from their input in a similar fashion. Such factors dictate the need to have an identical magnitude of freedom for everyone. On the other hand, active state liberals embrace a refined approach in the issue of individual liberty. This faction believes that the state might stand out as evil, but its participation guarantees an impartial society. Here, the state can provide conditions that support freedom for all individuals through social initiatives like Medicare. The biggest difference between the two groups is that socialists campaign for total freedom for all people, while active state liberals fail to account for genuine equitability (Ball Dagger, 2009). Social initiatives like Medicare provide favorable conditions for all, but some individuals are charged more than the others. On a basic level, active states tend to formulate these systems because such societies are usually unequal from the very beginning (Stephen, 2008). A socialist society would solve this problem from its roots. The difference between fascism and a minimal State Fascism stands out as a unique ideology that was mainly practiced in Italy. Here, the people are expected to dedicate all their time and resources to the state in a process that would supposedly enhance real freedom. In other words, fascists believe that real freedom can only be achieved in terms of collective endeavors that are embodied in the state. They also believe that an organic perspective of the society is more significant as opposed to atomism and/or individualism. Fascism, as a school of thought, advocates for service to the state, if genuine freedom is to be achieved (Spencer, 1996). It is, however, evident that the state must employ unique measures in a bid to ensure that the people adhere to its stipulations and demands.Advertising Looking for critical writing on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, Mussol ini’s fascist empire employed propaganda and military conquests in order to control the Italians (Ball Dagger, 2009). Fascism definitely promotes corrupt ideologies that stem from the loopholes created by its constituents. In simpler terms, fascism is a practical depiction of the â€Å"evils† found in any typical state. These are the same â€Å"evils† that minimal state liberals strive to avoid in their various platforms of operation. On the contrary, minimal state liberals possess a different approach to genuine freedom as opposed to the fascists. They also believe that the individual is the most important center of political interest. Therefore, individual freedom stands out as the most significant aspect in any minimal state (Ball Dagger, 2009). Whereas the state remains vibrant in a fascist society, it possesses a limited role in a minimal state. This particular design aims at protecting individual freedoms from an encroachment that could easily be propaga ted by the state. Regardless of the â€Å"evil† label given to the state, some neo-liberals believe that the state is a necessary â€Å"evil† that can be tolerated provided the constitution is fully operational. Reflections on name calling Name calling between active liberals and socialists basically stems from simple misunderstandings. It may arise from ignoring the exploitative nature of active liberalism. This is evidenced in the overcharging of some individuals in a given state, despite providing facilities that seemingly promote collective freedom. The issue of labeling a state as evil leads to the tendency of equating a minimal state to a fascist state. However, the former only depicts the state as â€Å"evil,† while the latter is a typical manifestation of the state’s â€Å"evil† nature. The two indications can easily confuse an individual. References Ball, T. Dagger, R. (2009). Political Ideologies and the Democratic Ideal. NY: Pearson Lon gman. Spencer D. (1996). Italian Socialism: between Politics and History. Massachusetts, USA: University of Massachusetts Press.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Partisan Demagoguery specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Stephen D. (2008). Politics: the basics. New York: Routledge. This critical writing on Partisan Demagoguery was written and submitted by user Nathalie Hawkins to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

The Laws of Motion and the Scientific Revolution essays

The Laws of Motion and the Scientific Revolution essays "The Scientific Revolution was a major milestone for the mental evolution of man." The new astronomy that came about during the Scientific Revolution changed many thoughts and methods in society. The Scientific Revolution was during the 16th and 17th centuries, right after the Reformation. The church felt threatened by the new astronomy during this period. The new astronomy during 16th and 17th centuries had many contributions from people, and it changed the scientific thought and methods of man. The people that made the biggest contributions to the changing of thought and method were: Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Sir Isaac Newton. The Scientific Revolution was such a major milestone for mankind because it "changed the way people looked at the world of nature and man." Nicolaus Copernicus formulated algebraic calculations that brought forth the source for the new origin of the world, and mans position in it. This changed the way that man viewed his existence in the universe. Copernicus' theory of the universe differed from Ptolemy's theory in that the sun was in the middle of the universe and not the Earth. The Catholic Church did not believe in this theory and forbade anyone from believing it. At this time in history, the church did not have near the scientific advances that we have today. They were just beginning to expand on new horizons; the church needed to be opened to the new, out of the ordinary ideas that were being formulated at the time. The church couldn't rely on the stats scientists found; instead, they looked for more substantial proof. For example, when Copernicus used his telescope to study the universe and come up with his heliocentric theory. The church didn't agree because there wasn't enough evidence. Copernicus' revelations were the basis of modern astronomy. Copernicus's theories built the foundation of the new astronomy for the 16th and 17th centuries. "Galileo Galilei is considered ...

Sands and Hands of Time

Sands and Hands of Time Sands and Hands of Time Sands and Hands of Time By Maeve Maddox Sometimes eggcorns catch on. An eggcorn is the reshaping of a common word or expression that makes sense in a certain way. The term comes from misspelling eggcorn for acorn. As explained by Chris Waigl, â€Å"the substitution [of eggcorn for acorn] involved more than just ignorance: an acorn is more or less shaped like an egg; and it is a seed, just like grains of corn. So if you don’t know how acorn is spelled, egg corn actually makes sense.† The often-heard expression â€Å"hands of time† may have begun as an eggcorn, but has caught on in general speech. Long after hourglasses were replaced by clocks, the image of sand falling to the bottom half of an hourglass remained strong as an image of time passing. People talked and wrote about â€Å"the sands of time.† Longfellow (1807-1882) uses the image in â€Å"A Psalm of Life†: Lives of great men all remind us We can make our lives sublime, And, departing, leave behind us Footprints on the sands of time NBC still uses it on the longest running soap opera on television: Like sands through the hourglass, so are the days of our lives. Nowadays, people writing songs and selling beauty products want to â€Å"turn back† the â€Å"hands of time.† Turn back the hands of time with these 5 beauty products Skin Care Products for Women – Turning Back the Hands of Time If I could turn, turn back the hands of time/Then my darlin’ you’d still be mine â€Å"Hands of time† may have begun with someone who didn’t know about hourglasses but was familiar with the hands on an analog clock and the necessity of turning them back in regions that observe Daylight Savings Time. I wonder what the new image will be when the image of a clockface is forgotten, and time is perceived as passing digitally. The bands of time? Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidHow to Punctuate Descriptions of Colors15 English Words of Indian Origin

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Keurig Coffee Case Study

Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Keurig Coffee - Case Study Example This research aims to evaluate and present Green Mountain Coffee Roasters and Keurig that are operating in processed and packaged foods industry and their sector is coffee makers. Green Mountain Coffee Roasters Inc. (GMCR) was founded in year 1981 as a small cafà © and combined its operations with Keurig in 2006; it has its head office in Waterbury, Vermont. As the case says, currently it is considered as the market leader in specialty coffee industry because it is offering top quality coffees, implementing innovative technology for brewing and fulfilling various socially responsible business practices. GMCR and Keurig had to master various skills to acquire top position in the market. GMCR is operating in coffee maker business and specialty coffee sector; it obtains, manufactures and then sells various kinds of coffee, teas, cocoa and other form of beverages in K-cup portion packs and coffee in conventional packaging style. It is believed that it is offering more than two hundred v arieties of hot beverages. In addition to aforementioned products, GMCR is providing wide selection of whole beans, ground coffee in fractional packs and ground coffee selections in bags that can be easily used by customers of At-home (AH) and Away-from-Home (AFH) markets; AH and AFH has much more potential of growth as no coffee brand has been targeting these attractive markets. The main issues and challenges faced by GMCR presented in the research.... Blanford is Chief Executive officer of GMCR. The financial highlights of the company are shown in the following figure (ttm stands for trailing twelve months, yoy stands for year over year and mrq stands for most recent quarter). (â€Å"Key Ratios of GMCR†, 2012) SWOT Analysis Strengths Valuable strategic partnership with Keurig – As mentioned in the case, it is GMCR’s biggest strength as incorporation of Keurig that is the leading manufacturer of single-cup brewing systems allowed it to enter specialty coffee market conveniently. It acquired Keurig License and all its licensees in 2006. It elevated its position from small coffee company to pioneer in specialty coffee market with K-Cup single serve brewing system of Keurig. Focus on coffee consumers – GMCR focuses on its valuable customers by offering them high quality coffee that is easy to make and can select from wide range of choices. It provides specialty coffee in simplified brewing machine that allo ws customers to choose from twenty-seven brands and about two hundred beverage varieties. Collaborations with well-known brands in market – GMCR has entered into collaborative agreements with various multi-channel distributors so that sales and awareness of GMCR and Keurig products could be increased as mentioned in the case. It is trying to reach as many consumers as possible by using various marketing avenues especially partnerships with leading brands such as Starbucks, Aramark, JC Penny’s, Cusinrt, Starbucks and Costco. Well-organized expansion plan – It has expanded its operations in Southern California and Canada by acquisitions and is opening new manufacturing plants in Virginia and California to support its fast growing expansion plan. Weaknesses K-Cup pack patent expiration – In September

Leveraging Data, Information, and Knowledge for Competitive Advantage Essay

Leveraging Data, Information, and Knowledge for Competitive Advantage - Essay Example The solution then came out to be the term which is now known as competitive advantage. The term means that internal factor or product strength or critical success factor or the product itself or any service which one specific organization does best when it comes to the others in the same industry. (Hope, 1997) When that edge is maintained over time, not permanently, but for a significant amount of time, and when a noticeable amount of market share is snatched by that particular company, based on that factor that only this company possesses over its competitors, then that is known as the competitive advantage that one firm has in the industry that it belongs to. Companies are always striving to efficiently and effectively utilize the resources that they have and gain a competitive advantage over the rivals that they have, since having one goes a long way in making the company successful and stand out in the market, increasing the goodwill both in the eyes of customers and all other st akeholders associated with the company. As mentioned above, such a competitive advantage is not permanent, thus a company should not release the pressure of competition once a competitive advantage has been gained. Rather, they should continually try to develop themselves to achieve the zenith when it comes to different factors, so that an edge can be maintained over time and with consistency. Management Information Systems (MIS) are not the regular computer systems, since they specialize in providing the user with analysis of all the other information systems that are synchronized with it and which take care of all the operational activities which take place in the organizations. Usually the daily decision making that a manager has to go through is more or less related with the those activities which have a direct effect on the cash flows and liquidity of the company, that is, the operational activities. (Davenport, 2000) And therefore, the MIS systems make use of

Coke vs PepsiPepsi and Coke’s Uncivil Wars Essay Example for Free

Coke vs PepsiPepsi and Coke’s Uncivil Wars Essay Chapter 9 in Competition Demystified: Uncivil Cola Wars: Coke and Pepsi Confront the Prisoner’s Dilemma What are the sources of competitive advantages in the soda industry? First we should look at industry structure. The cola companies buy raw materials of sugar, sweeteners and flavorings from many suppliers then they turn the commodities into a branded product which consists of syrup/concentrated combined with water and bottles. The companies are joined at the hip with their bottlers/distributors who then sell to many retail outlets. Selling bulky and heavy beverages lends itself to regional economies of scale advantages. The soda companies cannot operate successfully unless their bottlers and distributors are profitable and content whether company-owned or franchised. The existence of barriers to entry indicates that the incumbents enjoy competitive advantages that potential entrants cannot match. In the soft drink world, the sources of these advantages are easy to identify. First, on the demand side, there is the kind of customer loyalty that network executives, beer brewers and car manufacturers only dream about. People who drink sodas drink them frequently (habit formation), and they relish a constancy of experience that keeps them ordering the same brand, no matter the circumstances. Both Coke and Pepsi exhibit the presence of barriers to entry and competitive advantage—stable *ROE can be influenced by whether bottlers’ assets are off or on the balance sheet Second, there are large economies of scale in the soda business both at the concentrate maker and bottler levels. Developing new products and advertising existing ones are fixed costs, unrelated to the number of cases sold. Equally important, the distribution of soda to the consumer benefits from regional scale economies. The more customers there are in a given region, the more economical the distribution. A bottler of Coke, selling the product to 40% to 50% of the soda drinkers in the market area, is going to have lower costs than someone peddling Dr. Pepper to 5% to 56% of the drinkers. During the â€Å"statesmen† era of Pepsi and Coke, what actions did each of the companies take? Why did they help raise profitability? Note the stability of market share and ROE. ROE dipped in 1980 and 1982 as Pepsi and Coke waged a price war. Yet, market shares did not change as a result of the price war—both companies were worse off. Pepsi gained market share in the late 1970s versus Coke. Coke was slow and clumsy to respond. Price wars between two elephants in an industry with barriers to entry tend to flatten a lot of grass and make customers happy. They hardly ever result in a dead elephant. Still, there are better and worse ways of initiating a price contest. Coke chose the worst. Coke chose to lower concentrate prices on those regions where its share of the cola market was high (80%) and Pepsi’s low (20 percent). This tactic ensured that for every dollar of revenue Pepsi gave up, Coke would surrender four dollars. Coke luckily developed New Coke which allowed it to attack Pepsi in its dominant markets in a precise way—minimizing damage to Coke’s profits–and force a truce in the price wars. They made visible moves to signal the other side that they intended to cooperate. Coca-Cola initiated the new era with a major corporate reorganization. After buying up many of the bottlers and reorganizing the bottler network, it spun off 51% of the company owned bottlers to shareholders in a new entity, Coca-Cola Enterprises, and it loaded up on debt for this corporation. With so much debt to service, Coca-Cola Enterprises had to concentrate on the tangible requirements of cash flow rather than the chimera of gaining great hunks of market share from Pepsi. PepsiCo responded by dropping the Pepsi Challenge, toning down its aggressive advertising and thus signaling that it accepted the truce. Profit margins improved. Operating profit margins went from 10% to 20% for Coca-Cola. Pepsi gain was less dramatic but also substantial. Both companies focused on ROE rather than market share and sales growth. The urge to grow, to hammer competitors and drive them out of business, or at least reduce their market share by a meaningful amount, had been a continual source of poor performance for companies that do have competitive advantages and a franchise, but are not content with it.

Weapons & Tools Depcited in Art :: essays research papers fc

Tools and Weapons in Art Since the dawn of mankind, humans have crafted tools to assist them in their daily lives. From the first rock thrown in anger, to the first tree branch used to dig, society’s relationship to tools and weapons has been represented in all of the visual arts. Throughout our textbook I have interpreted the recurring theme of tools and weapons in the arts. From the opening chapter we examine â€Å"Perseus Holding the Head of Medusa† Fig. 0.1 (Sporre 12). His relationship with his weapon appears both proud and protective as he positions his sword away from his body opposite it’s target – the head of Medusa. It almost seems as if Perseus has stepped in between a fight amongst two quarreling school children, holding his weapon aside as the innocent party and the head of Medusa as the instigator. And though this piece is anatomically from a distance, a closer look reveals many details were left out; nipples, eyebrows, etc. However, the handle of the sword seems to have an abundant of detail in the decoration. This indicates the artist put considerable thought into this weapons appearance. Later in chapter one, we are reminded that cavemen did not invent the wheel. In â€Å"Ashurnasirpal II killing lions† Fig. 1.6 (Sporre 37), the rendering of an early Sumerian chariot clearly highlights the magnificent tool as utilized for transportation. Note the fine lines, the intricate detail on the hub of the wheel, and even detail on the spokes. When taken as a whole, the wheel in this carving is more prominent than the people riding in the chariot. Again, in chapter two, we find another piece where the weapon ends up being the center of focus. It is difficult to tell if any one work of art intended for the weapons to figure so prominently, but collectively there is certainly a subconscious emphasis on them. In â€Å"The Pan Painter, Attic Red Figure Krater† Fig. 2.7 (Sporre 58) the weapon is clearly the focal point. The vast negative space contrasting with the thin, but balanced bow and arrow draw ones eye right to the area. Furthermore, the weapon in this particular vase painting is the impetus for the entire scene. Without the weapon, Artemis would not be shooting Actaeon. It is difficult to look at these weapons without noticing the great detail in both the weapon and its accessories. In this particular piece the artist went so far as to include a detailed arrow quiver complete with strap.

Literary Theory and Criticism: Investigating Literature and Literary Study

Literary theory, literary criticism Methods of studying literature are defined and described. A section on definitions and distinctions investigates literature and literary study; literary theory and literary criticism. First of all it is necessary for us to know the definition of literary theory, and literary criticism. Nevertheless, the distinctions between literary theory, criticism, and history are the most important Literary theory is the study of the principles of literature, its categories, criteria, and the like. The theory of literature investigates the general laws of the structure and development of literature.The history of literature studies the literary past as a process or one of the stages of this process. On the other side, literary criticism is the study, evaluation, and interpretation of literature. Modern literary criticism is often informed by literary theory, which is the philosophical discussion of its methods and goals. It is also concerned with the most recen t, the â€Å"present† state of literature. Literary criticism is always interested in evaluating a literary work. But even though, these two are closely related, literary critics haven’t always been theorists.Some critics consider literary criticism a practical application of literary theory, because criticism always deals directly with particular literary works, while theory may be more general or abstract. Even though literary theory and literary criticism may be defined distinctly, they are not completely separated. It seems best to draw attention to these distinctions by describing as â€Å"literary theory† the study of the principles of literature, its categories, criteria, and the like, and by differentiating studies of concrete works of art as either â€Å"literary criticism† (primarily static in approach) or â€Å"literary history†.Of course, â€Å"literary criticism† is frequently used in such a way as to include all literary theory ; but such usage ignores a useful distinction. Literary works which have been evaluated as important can than be used to draw general conclusions on a genre. This is the case with Aristotle’s Poetics. The close relation between literary theory and criticism and the other humanities was formerly reflected in the concept of philology as a synthesizing branch of learning, studying culture in all its written manifestations, including literary works.In the mid-20th century the concept of philology suggests the affinity between literary theory and criticism and linguistics; in the strict sense philology denotes textual criticism. Even after these obvious differences, complete separation is impossible, it is inconceivable to have literary theory without criticism or history, or criticism without theory and history, or history without theory and criticism. It’s all connected. Aida Belovodjanin

John Coltrane

To the public he is known Just as another Jazz musician but for those with a more in depth music appreciation he remains one of the most significant saxophonists in jazz history. John â€Å"Trans† Chlorate's impact on the music world was quite considerable. By revolutionize music with his own techniques Chlorate changed jazz music forever. Chlorate was a American Jazz saxophonist, composer, bandleader, and iconic figure of the twentieth century. As a Jazz singer and Jazz enthusiast myself, Chlorate's techniques and music is not on impacting but created an emotional connection between Jazz and me.Author Lewis Porter says Chlorate was â€Å"one of the great musical artists of the twentieth century' (Porter 1) in his book â€Å"John Chlorate: His life and music†. I chose to read about Chlorate because of his great influence on me involving my newfound love for Jazz. His life and achievements amazed me Just as much as the first time I heard his melodies come out of his ten or saxophone. His use of modes in Jazz later helped pioneer new beginnings in free Jazz and influence a plethora of future generation musicians. Lewis Porter, a professional Jazz scholar and performer, meticulously researchedChlorate's life and wrote about his success despite having a very demanding lifestyle. Dedicating his life to music at a very young age by playing the clarinet and then eventually moving on to play in a Ana band in Hawaii for a year after discovering the Be saxophone was all difficulties he faced early on in his life. The tasks themselves weren't difficult but experiencing them all at the age of twelve soon after his aunt, grandparents, and father passed away within a few months of the same year these tasks became almost impossible. After his fathers death Chlorate's performance in school changed drastically. Rather than being a top student, he became an indifferent student, earning many Co's† (Porter 18). Although his determination for schoolwork declined it seems that after his father's death music was Chlorate's safety net. â€Å"He began playing music around this time and it may be true that perhaps music was too much on his mind. But more to the point, his obsession with music was a way of dealing with the tragedies in his life† (Porter, 18). Another obstacle Chlorate was forced to deal with was segregation. Although violence was not something commonly mound in Chlorate's town â€Å"there were constant reminders of second-class status† (Porter 19).Schools, restaurants, fountains, and more were segregated. â€Å"If the white schools got new books one year, the blacks might have got them a few years later. They got used books from the white schools† (Porter 19). Due to the hardships of segregation, Chlorate, his mother, and sister desperately tried to better their lives. After his fathers death John Chlorate's family soon went from middle class to poor. Chlorate's cousin, who lived with Chlorate for many years , recalled, â€Å"after his father eased, things changed. Our mothers had to go to work, and my aunt and my mother worked together at a country club.John used to shine shoes there. No one really knew how we lived, but we had to rent our bedrooms and we all slept downstairs. My mother, John, and I all slept in the dining room. We had cots. And John was sick there, he had some sort of- not asthma, but we had to sit up with him at night. This went on for a long time† (Porter 20). During Chlorate's senior year of high school his mother decided to move to Philadelphia to obtain a greater income. Sure enough Chlorate radiated from High Point High School along with the superlative â€Å"Most Musical†.After graduation he bought an apartment with his mother in Philadelphia. Along with the apartment Chlorate's mother bought a piano. â€Å"Johns mother had a piano-a tall upright that housed a working player piano unit. John began to work toward becoming a professional Jazz music ian† (Porter 24). Many say that John Chlorate was destined to be a musician. He was surrounded by music as a child. Before his father's early death, Chlorate's father had a love for music. His father played several instruments and his interests later influenced him. Not only was his father passionate about music but so was his mother. Chlorate's mother was musical-she sang and also played piano' (Porter 25) John Chlorate's cousin said â€Å"we had a big radio in the living room that stayed on all the time. We listened to everything†¦ We listened to Frank Sinatra, everybody, you name it. He and I would turn the radio up loud so that we could hear it in the kitchen† (Porter 26). Chlorate's first instrumental training was with a community band where he bean on an alto horn. At that time Chlorate said, â€Å"l hadn't decided yet to become a repressions musician. I learned a little bit haphazardly, without any system, Jus enough to play a song or two.This was my first contact-so to speak- with music† (Porter 28). Around the fall of 1940 is when Chlorate fist became interested in the saxophone. Chlorate chose the sax because of his admiration for tenor saxophonist Lester Young. Soon Chlorate mastered the tenor saxophone. â€Å"There was a room in his house he would use Just to practice. He played everyday, all day long. And then he would stop to get ready to go to work that night. Music was really his life† (Porter 254). Not only was Chlorate a hard working musician, he was in a thriving city for the arts at the time, Philadelphia. Philadelphia nurtured a thriving Jazz community in the sass's† (Porter 35). Lucky for Chlorate, right by his apartment was the Woodbine Club, â€Å"where local musicians would Jam on the weekends† (Porter, 36). As of 1945, right after graduating high school at the age of sixteen, Chlorate started to pick up on professional gigs and performances in Philadelphia. He soon became close friends with a pianist and guitarist and formed a trio that performed in cocktail ears around the city. Soon after his trio formed Chlorate Joined the ‘musicians union'.Unfortunately, with World War II raging Chlorate was forced to put his music career in Philadelphia on hold once he was drafted into the Navy. Once discharged Chlorate bean to develop a new approach to music based off of multiple musicians he had encountered over the years. â€Å"Chlorate had been under the spell of Johnny Hodges, the celebrated loyalist from Duke Elongation's band. Chlorate had a special penchant for romantic ballads that perhaps even dated back to his late father's taste† (Porter 1). Chlorate was outgoing and put himself out into the music scene at a young age. He was not, as one might have thought, a great talent who took a long time to get recognized. He was, rather, someone who did not begin with obvious exceptional talent, and that makes his case all the more interesting-one can become one of the great musicians of all time and not start off as some kind of prodigy' (Porter 44). John Chlorate came across many obstacles throughout his childhood and music career. Lewis Porter shared Chlorate's story wonderfully, showing that the struggle he faced were not strong enough to stop him from doing what he loved to do, play music. Chlorate wanted his music to be a force for good, and I think it has been. One doesn't have to be religious to find Chlorate's expression of spirituality profoundly moving and important† (Porter 300). Even though Chlorate's death was over fifty years ago, through his music he remains alive. Chlorate will be forever one of the best because of his accomplishments in the study of Jazz music.

Word Count and Book Length

Word Count and Book Length Word Count and Book Length Word Count and Book Length By Maeve Maddox A novelist of my acquaintance insists that the only way to estimate the number of words in a book is to multiply the number of pages by 250. That was the formula in the good old days when Courier was the only typeface and typewriters were King. Now we have computers and word processing software. Its no longer necessary to estimate according to the 250-words-per-page formula. All we have to do is use the WP tool that shows Word Count. Publishers want to know the overall length of your book. An approximate word count (round numbers) based on what your WP tells you enables them to estimate costs and other factors involved in printing a book. Novels for adult readers fall between 80,000 and 120,000 words. A novel of 50,000 would be the absolute minimum for some genres and, unless you are Ken Follett or some other established author, you should view 100,000 as the maximum. (Yes, exceptions for a first novel can be found, but writers who depend upon being The Exception are handicapping themselves unnecessarily.) Every genre has its own length preferences. Novels intended for the adult market will be longer than those targeted at children and young adults. A young adult novel will run between 20,000 and 40,000 words. In terms of adult mainstream fiction, that length would be considered a novella. TIP: Dont compose your novel with skinny margins, single-spacing and some off-the-wall font and then make formatting changes when youre ready to market the completed manuscript. Draft your novel in standard format from the start: 12-point Times Roman or 12-point Courier. Double-spacing Margins set to 1-inch all round Indented paragraphs NOTE: Dont put extra spacing between paragraphs unless your intention is to indicate a shift of viewpoint or passage of time. When you are ready to approach an agent or a publisher, study their guidelines carefully and submit your work exactly according to their preferences. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:25 Subordinating ConjunctionsList of 50 Great Word Games for Kids and AdultsBail Out vs. Bale Out

USS Nevada (BB-36) in World War II

USS Nevada (BB-36) in World War II USS Nevada (BB-36) was the lead ship of the Nevada-class of battleships which were built for the US Navy between 1912 and 1916. The Nevada-class was the first to incorporate a set of design characteristics that would be employed in a series of American battleship classes during the years around World War I (1914-1918). Entering service in 1916, Nevada briefly served overseas during the final months of World War I. The interwar period saw the battleship take part in various training exercises in both the Atlantic and Pacific. On December 7, 1941, Nevada was moored in Pearl Harbor when the  Japanese attacked. The only battleship to get underway during the attack, it sustained some damage before beaching on Hospital Point. Repaired and heavily modernized, Nevada took part in the campaign in the Aleutians before returning to the Atlantic. Serving in Europe, it provided naval gunfire support during the  invasions of Normandy and Southern France. Returning to the Pacific, Nevada participated in the final campaigns against Japan and was later used as a target ship during the atomic testing at Bikini Atoll. Design Authorized by Congress on March 4, 1911, the contract for constructing USS Nevada (BB-36) was issued to the Fore River Shipbuilding Company of Quincy, MA. Laid down on November 4 of the following year, the battleship’s design was revolutionary for the US Navy as it incorporated several key characteristics that would become standard on future ships of the type. Among these was the inclusion of oil-fired boilers instead of coal, the elimination of amidships turrets, and the use of an â€Å"all or nothing† armor scheme. These features became sufficiently common on future vessels that Nevada was considered the first of the Standard-type of US battleship. Of these changes, the shift to oil was made with the goal of increasing the ship’s range as the US Navy felt that would be critical in any potential naval conflict with Japan. In designing Nevada’s armor protection, naval architects pursued an â€Å"all or nothing† approach which meant that critical areas of the ship, such as magazines and engineering, were heavily protected while less vital spaces were left unarmored. This type of armor arrangement later became commonplace in both the US Navy and those abroad. While previous American battleships had featured turrets located fore, aft, and amidships, Nevada’s design placed the armament at the bow and stern and was first to include the use of triple turrets. Mounting a total of ten 14-inch guns, Nevada’s armament was placed in four turrets (two twin and two triple) with five guns at each end of the ship. In an experiment, the ship’s propulsion system included new Curtis turbines while its sister ship, USS Oklahoma (BB-37), was given older triple-expansion steam engines. USS Nevada (BB-36) Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: Fore River Shipbuilding CompanyLaid Down: November 4, 1912Launched: July 11, 1914Commissioned: March 11, 1916Fate: Sunk as target on July 31, 1948 Specifications (as built) Displacement: 27,500 tonsLength: 583 ft.Beam: 95 ft., 3 in.Draft: 28 ft., 6 in.Propulsion: Geared Curtis turbines turning 2 x propellersSpeed: 20.5 knotsRange: 9,206 miles at 10 knotsComplement: 864 men Armament Guns 10 Ãâ€" 14 in. gun (2 Ãâ€" 3, 2 Ãâ€" 2 superfiring)21 Ãâ€" 5 in. guns2 or 4 Ãâ€" 21 in. torpedo tubes Aircraft 3 x aircraft Construction Entering the water on July 11, 1914 with Eleanor Seibert, the niece of the Governor of Nevada, as sponsor, Nevada’s launch was attended by Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels and Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin D. Roosevelt. Though Fore River completed work on the ship in late 1915, the US Navy required an extensive series of sea trials before commissioning due to the revolutionary nature of many of the ship’s systems. These commenced on November 4 and saw the ship conduct numerous runs along the New England coast. Passing these tests, Nevada put into Boston where it received additional equipment before being commissioned on March 11, 1916, with Captain William S. Sims in command. World War I Joining the US Atlantic Fleet at Newport, RI, Nevada conducted training exercises along the East Coast and Caribbean during 1916. Based at Norfolk, VA, the battleship was initially retained in American waters following the United States’ entrance into World War I in April 1917. This was due to a shortage of fuel oil in Britain. As a result, the coal-fired battleships of Battleship Division Nine were dispatched to augment the British Grand Fleet instead. In August 1918, Nevada received orders to cross the Atlantic. Joining USS Utah (BB-31) and Oklahoma at Berehaven, Ireland, the three ships formed Rear Admiral Thomas S. Rodgers’ Battleship Division 6. Operating from Bantry Bay, they served as convoy escorts in the approaches to the British Isles. Remaining in this duty until the end of the war, Nevada never fired a shot in anger. That December, the battleship escorted the liner George Washington, with President Woodrow Wilson aboard, into Brest, France. Sailing for New York on December 14, Nevada and its compatriots arrived twelve days later and were greeted by victory parades and celebrations. Interwar Years Serving in the Atlantic during the next few years Nevada traveled to Brazil in September 1922 for the centennial of that nation’s independence. Later transferring to the Pacific, the battleship conducted a goodwill tour of New Zealand and Australia in late summer 1925. In addition to the US Navy’s desire to accomplish diplomatic goals, the cruise was intended to show the Japanese that the US Pacific Fleet was capable of conducting operations far from its bases. Arriving at Norfolk in August 1927, Nevada began a massive modernization program. While in the yard, engineers added torpedo bulges as well as increased Nevada’s horizontal armor. To compensate for the added weight, the ship’s old boilers were removed and fewer new, but more efficient, ones installed along with new turbines. The program also saw Nevada’s torpedo tubes removed, anti-aircraft defenses increased, and a rearrangement of its secondary armament. Topside, the bridge structure was altered, new tripod masts replaced the older lattice ones, and modern fire control equipment installed. Work on the ship was completed in January 1930 and it soon rejoined the US Pacific Fleet. Remaining with that unit for the next decade, it forward deployed to Pearl Harbor in 1940 as tensions with Japan increased. On the morning of December 7, 1941, Nevada was single-moored off Ford Island when the Japanese attacked. Pearl Harbor Granted a degree of maneuverability due to its location that its compatriots on Battleship Row lacked, Nevada was the only American battleship to get underway as Japanese struck. Working its way down the harbor, the ship’s anti-aircraft gunners fought valiantly but the ship quickly sustained a torpedo hit followed by five bomb strikes. The last of these occurred as it neared the channel to open water. Fearing that Nevada might sink and obstruct the channel, its crew beached the battleship on Hospital Point. With the end of the attack, the ship had suffered 50 killed and 109 wounded. In the weeks after, salvage crews commenced repairs on Nevada and on February 12, 1942, the battleship was refloated. After additional repairs were made at Pearl Harbor, the battleship moved to Puget Sound Navy Yard for additional work and modernization. Modernization Remaining in the yard until October 1942, Nevada’s appearance was dramatically altered and when it emerged it looked similar to the newer South Dakota-class. Gone were ship’s tripod masts and its anti-aircraft defenses had been dramatically upgraded to include new dual-purpose 5-inch guns, 40 mm guns, and 20 mm guns. After shakedown and training cruises, Nevada took part in Vice Admiral Thomas Kinkaid’s campaign in the Aleutians and supported the liberation of Attu. With the end the fighting, the battleship detached and steamed for further modernization at Norfolk. That fall, Nevada began escorting convoys to Britain during the Battle of the Atlantic. The inclusion of capital ships such as Nevada was intended to provide protection against German surface raiders such as Tirpitz. Europe Serving in this role into April 1944, Nevada then joined Allied naval forces in Britain to prepare for the invasion of Normandy. Sailing as Rear Admiral Morton Deyo’s flagship, the battleship’s guns pounded German targets on June 6 as Allied troops began landing. Remaining offshore for most of the month, Nevada’s guns provided fire support for forces ashore and the ship earned praise for the accuracy of its fire. After reducing the coastal defenses around Cherbourg, the battleship transferred to the Mediterranean where it provided fire support for the Operation Dragoon landings in August. Striking German targets in southern France, Nevada reprised its performance in Normandy. During the course of operations, it famously dueled the batteries defending Toulon. Steaming for New York in September, Nevada entered port and had its 14-inch guns relined. In addition, the guns in Turret 1 were replaced with tubes taken from the wreck of USS Arizona (BB-39.) Pacific Resuming operations in early 1945, Nevada transited the Panama Canal and joined Allied forces off Iwo Jima on February 16. Taking part in the invasion of the island, the ship’s guns contributed to the pre-invasion bombardment and later provided direct support ashore. On March 24, Nevada joined Task Force 54 for the invasion of Okinawa. Opening fire, it attacked Japanese targets ashore in the days before the Allied landings. On March 27, Nevada sustained damage when a kamikaze struck the main deck near Turret 3. Remaining on station, the battleship continued to operate off Okinawa until June 30 when it departed to join Admiral William â€Å"Bull† Halsey’s Third Fleet which was operating off Japan. Though near the Japanese mainland, Nevada did not strike targets ashore. Later Career With the end of World War II on September 2, Nevada returned to Pearl Harbor after brief occupation duty in Tokyo Bay. One of the oldest battleships in the US Navy’s inventory, it was not retained for use postwar. Instead, Nevada received orders to proceed Bikini Atoll in 1946 for use as a target ship during the Operation Crossroads atomic testing. Painted bright orange, the battleship survived both Able and Baker tests that July. Damaged and radioactive, Nevada was towed back to Pearl Harbor and decommissioned on August 29, 1946. Two years later, it was sunk off Hawaii on July 31, when USS Iowa (BB-61) and two other vessels used it gunnery practice.

Current Economic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Current Economic - Essay Example According to Aversa, May â€Å"was the second month in a row that consumer spending went up by 0.5 percent.† This is a trend showing that May was not merely a fluke, and this could be the start of a sustainable trend. Further supporting that hypothesis was the fact that incomes also rebounded in May. As Aversa asserts, incomes are â€Å"the fuel for future spending.† Thus, it is a reasonable assumption that we could see continued strong performance on this leading economic indicator. Aversa also mentions in her article that construction spending also increased in May by nearly a full percentage point. This increase in construction spending was â€Å"the biggest gain in nearly 1  ½ years,† and was fueled by â€Å"Brisk spending on big government projects, such as hospitals and other health care facilities, and by private builders on commercial construction, such as office buildings, eclipsed continued weakness in the housing sector.† The combined increases in consumer and construction spending arguably illustrate broad economic strength in both the commercial and personal consumer areas leading into the summer months. This article speaks directly to a couple of very fundamental economic indicators. While it is mostly a litany of facts about the state of economic performance in May, the article alludes to the power of incomes and spending to produce a strong economy. Spending, both consumer and commercial, quickly reverberates to other areas of the economy. Without strong consumer and other spending, it is difficult for other factors of economic health to take hold. Manufacturing and production will only result in large idle inventories if spending is low. That means fewer jobs as companies seek to slash there supplies in response to lower demand, and in doing so reduce their overhead costs including employment. On the other hand, strong consumer spending translates into increased manufacturing of supply, which in turn leads to greater hiring and lower